Glossary

Financial terms, plainly defined.

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Terms

401(k) #: An employer-sponsored retirement account in the U.S. that lets you contribute pre-tax (or after-tax, for a Roth version) income, often with an employer match. The 401(k) match calculator shows what that match is worth on your salary, and the article explains why leaving it unclaimed is a pay cut.
50/30/20 Rule #: A budgeting guideline that splits take-home pay into 50% needs, 30% wants, and 20% savings or extra debt payoff. See our full article for where it works and where it doesn't, or try it on the budget planner.
Amortization #: The process of paying off a loan through regular payments, where each payment covers that period's interest plus a portion of the principal — the principal share grows over time as the balance shrinks. The mortgage calculator shows a full amortization schedule, and our amortization article works a full 360-month schedule to show why so little goes to principal at first.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR) #: The yearly cost of a loan expressed as a percentage, including most fees — a more complete picture than the interest rate alone, which is why comparing APRs is usually more useful than comparing rates. APR and APY are not the same number, and lenders quote whichever flatters them.
Annual Percentage Yield (APY) #: The real yearly return on savings or an investment, including the effect of compounding — higher than the stated interest rate if interest compounds more often than once a year. See how it differs from APR.
Assessed Value #: The dollar value a local assessor assigns to a property for tax purposes — often different from its market price, and the number a property tax bill is computed from. Our property tax article traces it from assessment to the monthly payment.
Asset #: Anything you own that has monetary value — cash, investments, a home, a car. Assets minus liabilities equals net worth.
Bear Market #: A period when investment prices fall broadly and significantly (commonly defined as a 20% drop from a recent high), usually alongside pessimism about the economy.
Bull Market #: A period when investment prices are broadly rising, usually alongside optimism about the economy.
Capital Gain #: The profit made when you sell an asset (like a stock or property) for more than you paid for it. Capital gains are typically taxed, often at a different rate than regular income.
Cash Flow #: Money moving in and out over a period — income arriving versus bills, spending, and debt payments leaving. A budget is a plan for cash flow, and the budget planner shows where yours actually goes; lumpy annual bills are the classic cash-flow wrecker, which is what sinking funds exist to smooth.
Certificate of Deposit (CD) #: A savings product that locks your money in for a fixed term — commonly a few months to five years — in exchange for a fixed rate, with a penalty for withdrawing early. Suits money with a known future date; for cash you might need any day, a high-yield savings account keeps the exit open.
Closing Costs #: The one-time fees paid when a home purchase or refinance closes — lender fees, title work, appraisal, and prepaid tax and insurance items. Typically around 2–5% of the loan amount, on top of your down payment. Our closing costs article breaks down the four kinds of charges in the pile; they're also the reason buying takes years to beat renting, which the rent-or-buy article works through.
Compound Interest #: Interest calculated on both the original amount and any interest already earned — meaning growth (or debt) accelerates over time rather than staying flat. Watch it work in the savings growth calculator, or see what it does to $10,000 over 30 years.
Credit Utilization #: The percentage of your available credit that you're currently using, recalculated each billing cycle. Lower utilization generally helps your credit score, with under 30% commonly recommended. It's a balance divided by a limit — the percentage calculator does that arithmetic, our credit utilization article works a three-card example and debunks the carrying-a-balance myth, and what actually moves your score covers why it matters.
Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI) #: Your total monthly debt payments divided by your gross monthly income, expressed as a percentage. Lenders use it to judge how much more debt you can reasonably take on — it's the core of the home affordability calculator, and our DTI article walks a worked example to exactly the common 36% line.
Deductible #: The amount you pay out of pocket on an insurance claim before your insurance starts covering the rest. Higher deductibles usually mean lower premiums.
Depreciation #: The loss in an asset's value over time — steepest for cars in their first few years, which is why a new car can be worth less than its loan balance early on. It's the quiet cost in how much car you can afford.
Discount Points #: An optional fee paid at closing — one point costs 1% of the loan amount — in exchange for a lower interest rate. Whether points pay off depends on how long you keep the loan; our discount points article works the break-even month on a real loan.
Diversification #: Spreading investments across different assets so that a loss in any single one has a smaller effect on your overall portfolio.
Dividend #: A portion of a company's profit paid out to shareholders, usually on a regular schedule, separate from any gain in the stock's price.
Earnest Money #: A deposit made when a seller accepts your offer on a home, showing you're serious about buying. It's held by a neutral third party and credited toward your down payment and closing costs at closing; our earnest money article covers how much to expect and the contingencies that get it back.
Emergency Fund #: Money set aside specifically to cover unexpected expenses or lost income, kept liquid (easy to access) rather than invested — commonly targeted at 3-6 months of essential expenses. Size yours with the emergency fund calculator.
Equity (Home) #: The portion of your home's value that you actually own outright — the home's current value minus whatever you still owe on the mortgage. Our home equity article splits it into down payment, paydown, and appreciation, and shows why so little of it is actually borrowable.
Escrow #: An account, usually managed by your mortgage lender, that collects a portion of your monthly payment to cover property taxes and homeowners insurance, then pays those bills on your behalf when due. Our escrow article explains the shortage math behind a payment that jumps more than the tax hike that caused it.
FDIC Insurance #: Federal insurance that repays your deposits — up to $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, per ownership category — if the bank fails. It covers checking, savings, money market accounts, and CDs, but never investments; credit unions carry equivalent coverage through the NCUA. Our high-yield savings article explains what it does and doesn't protect.
FICO Score #: The most widely used type of credit score, ranging roughly from 300 to 850, calculated from your payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, credit mix, and new credit activity. Our credit score article explains each factor.
Fixed-Rate Mortgage #: A mortgage where the interest rate stays the same for the entire loan term, so your principal-and-interest payment never changes.
Gap Insurance #: Coverage that pays the difference between what you still owe on a car loan and what your insurer says the car is worth if it's totaled or stolen — relevant exactly when a small down payment or long loan term leaves you with negative equity. Usually cheaper from your insurer than from the dealership.
Gross Income #: Your total income before any taxes or deductions are taken out — different from net income, which is what actually reaches your bank account.
High-Yield Savings Account (HYSA) #: A savings account, typically from an online bank, that pays many times the national-average savings rate while staying FDIC-insured and fully liquid. The usual home for an emergency fund — our HYSA article covers what the move actually earns, and the emergency fund calculator counts the interest toward your goal.
HOA (Homeowners Association) Fee #: A recurring fee charged in some communities or condo buildings to cover shared maintenance and amenities, separate from your mortgage payment.
Homestead Exemption #: A reduction in a home's taxable value offered to owners who live in the property, usually claimed with a one-time application. It subtracts from the assessed value before the tax rate applies, so a $25,000 exemption saves $25,000 times the rate — not $25,000.
Index Fund #: A fund that holds the same investments as a market index (like the S&P 500) in the same proportions, aiming to match that index's performance rather than beat it, typically with low fees.
Individual Retirement Account (IRA) #: A tax-advantaged retirement account you open yourself, separate from any employer. Traditional IRA contributions may be tax-deductible now (withdrawals are taxed later); Roth IRA contributions are taxed now, and qualified withdrawals in retirement are tax-free.
Inflation #: The general rise in prices over time, which reduces how much a given amount of money can buy. A dollar today typically buys less than the same dollar bought a decade ago.
Interest Rate #: The percentage a lender charges you to borrow money (or pays you to hold your deposit), usually expressed as an annual rate.
Liability #: Anything you owe — a mortgage, a car loan, credit card debt. Total liabilities are subtracted from total assets to calculate net worth.
Liquidity #: How quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash without losing significant value. Cash is fully liquid; a house is not.
Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV) #: A loan balance divided by the value of what it financed, as a percentage — a $12,000 balance on a $15,000 car is 80% LTV. Lenders use it to size risk on mortgages and car loans; above 100% means negative equity, and our negative equity article shows what that costs when it rolls into the next loan.
Mill Rate #: A property tax rate expressed in mills — one mill is $1 of tax per $1,000 of taxable value, so 12 mills equals 1.2%. Local budgets set it, not the housing market; the mortgage calculator shows what a given rate adds to a monthly payment.
Money Market Account #: A bank deposit account that blends savings-level interest with limited checking features, like a debit card or checkbook, and carries the same FDIC insurance as any savings account. Not the same thing as a money market fund, which is an investment and not FDIC-insured.
Negative Equity #: Owing more on a loan than the financed asset is worth — being "underwater" or "upside down." Common on cars bought with small down payments and long terms, since depreciation outruns early loan paydown; our car affordability article shows how the trap is built, and our negative equity article what rolling it into the next loan costs. The mortgage version is the flip side of home equity.
Net Income #: The amount of money you actually receive after taxes and deductions — often called take-home pay. Budgets should generally be based on net income, not gross.
Net Worth #: The total value of everything you own (assets) minus everything you owe (liabilities). It can be negative, especially early on if you have student or auto debt. Add yours up, and watch which way it moves, in the net worth tracker.
Origination Fee #: A fee a lender charges for processing a new loan, usually a percentage of the loan amount, typically paid at closing. Our origination fee article shows how competing Loan Estimates can get you a better price for the same money.
Out-the-Door Price #: The full price of a vehicle including sales tax, title, registration, and dealer fees — the number that actually gets financed if you don't pay those costs in cash. Run the auto loan calculator on this figure, not the sticker.
PITI #: Shorthand for the four components of a typical monthly mortgage payment: Principal, Interest, Taxes, and Insurance. Our PITI article works a $350,000 example showing why the loan payment alone runs about a third light; the mortgage calculator has optional tax and insurance fields to compute the full number.
PMI (Private Mortgage Insurance) #: Insurance most lenders require when your down payment is under 20% of the home's price. It protects the lender, not you, and can usually be removed once you've built enough equity. The mortgage calculator estimates it automatically, and our PMI article covers all three ways off the hook.
Premium (Insurance) #: The amount you pay, usually monthly or annually, to keep an insurance policy active — separate from your deductible, which you pay only when you file a claim.
Principal #: The original amount borrowed on a loan, not counting interest. Payments reduce the principal over time as part of amortization. Anything you pay above the scheduled amount goes straight at the principal, which is why an extra payment saves more than it costs.
Refinance #: Replacing an existing loan with a new one, usually to get a lower interest rate, a different term length, or to access home equity. See whether it pays off with the refinance break-even calculator.
Seller Concessions #: Money a home seller agrees to put toward the buyer's closing costs, negotiated as part of the purchase contract. Loan programs cap how much a seller is allowed to contribute — our seller concessions article lists the exact caps by loan type and the honest reframe: a concession is usually a higher price in disguise.
Sinking Fund #: Money set aside a little each month, under a specific name, for a known future expense — car repairs, holiday gifts, an annual premium — so the bill arrives at a full account instead of a credit card. Our sinking funds article works the method in real dollars, and the savings goal calculator prices any single fund's monthly deposit.
Take-Home Pay #: See net income — the amount that actually lands in your bank account after taxes and other paycheck deductions.
Term (Loan) #: The length of time you have to repay a loan in full — for example, a 30-year mortgage or a 60-month auto loan. Shorter terms usually mean higher payments but less total interest — the auto loan calculator shows that trade across 36, 48, 60 and 72 months at once.
Title Insurance #: A one-time policy bought at closing that protects against claims someone else has ownership rights to the property — old liens, paperwork errors, inheritance disputes. The required lender's policy protects the lender; an optional owner's policy protects your equity. Our title insurance article covers what the one-time premium runs.
Trade-In Value #: What a dealer offers for your current car against the price of the next one — a wholesale number, typically below what the same car sells for between private parties, since the dealer resells it at a margin. When the loan payoff exceeds it, the difference is negative equity.
Variable-Rate Loan #: A loan whose interest rate can change over time based on a benchmark rate, meaning your payment can go up or down during the loan term — the opposite of a fixed-rate loan.
Vesting #: The process of earning full ownership of employer-contributed retirement funds (like a 401(k) match) over time — leaving a job before you're fully vested can mean forfeiting some of that employer money. The 401(k) match calculator shows the amount at stake.